Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) screening for Prostate Cancer (PCa): Main recommendations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48193/revistamexicanadeurologa.v81i2.734Keywords:
Prostate, Cancer, Prostate-specific antigen, ScreeningAbstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequent type of cancer diagnosed in men and is the second cause of cancer death in the United States. The widespread use of Prostate-Specific Antigen since the early 1990s has significantly increased its incidence. However, screening for prostate cancer remains one of the most controversial topics in the urologic literature. The latest clinical evidence suggests that screening does not affect all-cause mortality and has only a small effect on prostate-specific mortality. At the same time, there are risks associated with biopsy and prostate cancer treatment, such as urinary incontinence, infection, and erectile dysfunction. Current recommendations propose shared decision-making with the patient but differ, with respect to the appropriate ages for screening, as well as follow-up screening intervals.
References
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394–424. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492.
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(1):7–30. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21590.
Shenoy D, Packianathan S, Chen AM, Vijayakumar S. Do African-American men need separate prostate cancer screening guidelines? BMC Urol [Internet]. 2016;16(1):1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12894-016-0137-7
Bravo LE, Muñoz N. Epidemiology of cancer in Colombia. Colomb Med. 2018;49(1):09–12. https://dx.doi.org/10.25100%2Fcm.v49i1.3877.
Bell KJL, Del Mar C, Wright G, Dickinson J, Glasziou P. Prevalence of incidental prostate cancer: A systematic review of autopsy studies. Int J Cancer. 2015;137(7):1749–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29538.
Howlader N. SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2017. Natl Cancer Inst [Internet]. 2019;2000–16. https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2016/
Schröder FH. Biomarkers and screening for prostate cancer. Ann Oncol. 2006;17(SUPPL. 10). https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdl260.
Catalona WJ. History of the discovery and clinical translation of prostate-specific antigen. Asian J Urol [Internet]. 2014;1(1):12–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2014.09.008
De Angelis G, Rittenhouse HG, Mikolajczyk SD, Blair Shamel L, Semjonow A. Twenty Years of PSA: From Prostate Antigen to Tumor Marker. Rev Urol [Internet]. 2007;9(3):113–23.
Catalona WJ. Prostate Cancer Screening. Med Clin North Am. 2018;102(2):199–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.11.001.
Sikora K. Cancer screening. Medicine (Baltimore). 2012;40(1):24–8.
Harman LB, Flite CA, Bond K. State of the Art and Science. Electronic Health Records: Privacy, Confidentiality, and Security. Am Med Assoc J Ethics. 2012;14(9):712–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/virtualmentor.2012.14.9.stas1-1209.
Care CTF on PH. Benefits and Harms of PSA Screening. 2014;1. Available from: https://fmf.cfpc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/S134408_Using-1000-Person-Infographics-to-Improve-Risk-Communication-with-Patients-in-Preventive-Health-Screening.pdf
Pinsky PF, Parnes HL, Andriole G. Mortality and Complications Following Prostate Biopsy in the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial. Bju. 2014;113(2):254–9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fbju.12368.
Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Parnes HL, et al. Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < or =4.0 ng per milliliter. N Engl J Med. 2004 May 27;350(22):2239–46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa031918.
Ilic D, Djulbegovic M, Jung JH, Hwang EC, Zhou Q, Cleves A, et al. Prostate cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2018 Sep 5;362:k3519. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k3519.
Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Bibbins-Domingo K, Caughey AB, Davidson KW, et al. Screening for prostate cancer USPreventive servicestaskforcerecommendation statement. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2018;319(18):1901–13. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.3710.
N. Mottet van den B, E. Briers PC, J. Grummet, Henry De Santis FG, H van der Kwast, H van der Poel T Lam M, Tilki TWOR, Guidelines Associates: T. Van den Broeck MC, et al. EAU - EANM - ESTRO - ESUR - SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer 2019. Eur Assoc Urol Guidel 2019 [Internet]. 2019;53:1–161. Available from: https://uroweb.org/guideline/prostate-cancer
Carter HB, Albertsen PC, Barry MJ, Etzioni R, Freedland SJ, Greene KL, et al. Early Detection Of Prostate Cancer: AUA Guideline. Am Urol Assoc Clin Guidel. 2018;1–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2013.04.119.
Peter R. Carroll, J. Kellog Parsons, Gerald Andriole, Robert R. Bahnson, Sigrid Carlsson EPC. Prostate Cancer Early Detection. National Comprehensive Cancer Network; 2019.
